Articulations
Synarthrosis, or immoveable
Amphiarthrosis, or mixed
Diarthrosis, or moveable
Kinds of movement
Articulations of the trunk
The vertebral column
The atlas with the axis
The atlas with the occiptal bone
The axis with the occiptal bone
Tempoko-maxillart articulation
The ribs with the vertebras
The cartilages of the ribs with the sternum
Ligaments of the sternum
The pelvis with the spine
The pelvis
Articulations of the upper extremity
Sterno-clavicular articulation
Scapulo-clavicular articulation
Proper ligaments of the scapula
Shoulder joint
Elbow joint
Radio-ulnar articulations
Whist joint
Articulations of the carpus
Capro metacapral articulations
Metacarpo-phalangeal articulations
Articulations of the phalanges
Articulations of the lower extremity
Hip joint
The knee joint
Articulations between the tibia and fibula
Ankle joint
Articulations of the tarsus
Tarso-metatarsal articulations
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The Wrist presents most of the characters of an enarthrodial joint. The parts entering into its formation are the lower end of the radius, and under surface of the triangular interarticular fibro-cartilage, above; and the scaphoid, semilunar, and cuneiform bones below. The articular surfaces of the radius and interarticular
fibro-cartilage form a transversely elliptical concave surface. The radius is subdivided into two parts by a line extending from before backwards; and these, together with the interarticular cartilage, form three facets, one for each carpal bone. The three carpal bones are connected together, and form a rounded convex surface, which is received into the cavity above mentioned. All the bony surfaces
of this articulation are covered with cartilage, and connected together by the following ligaments.
External Lateral.
Internal Lateral. Anterior. Posterior. Synovia! Membrane. The External Lateral Ligament extends from the summit of the styloid process of the radius to the outer side of the scaphoid, some of its fibres being prolonged to the trapezium and annular ligament. 
The Internal Lateral Ligament is a rounded cord, attached, above, to the extremity of the styloid process of the ulna; below, it divides into two fasciculi, which are attached, one to the inner side of the cuneiform bone, the other to the pisiform bone and annular ligament. The Anterior Ligament is a broad membranous band, consisting of three fasciculi, attached, above, to the anterior margin of the lower end of the radius, its styloid process, and the ulna; its fibres pass downwards and inwards, to be inserted into the anterior surface of the scaphoid, semilunar, and cuneiform bones. This ligament is perforated by numerous apertures for the passage of vessels, and is in relation, in front, with the tendons of the Flexor profundus digitorum and Flexor longus pollicis; behind, with the synovial membrane of the wrist-joint. The Posterior Ligament, less thick and strong than the anterior, is attached, above, to the posterior border of the lower end of the radius; its fibres descend obliquely downwards and inwards to be attached to the posterior surface of the scaphoid, semilunar, and cuneiform bones, its fibres being continuous with those of the dorsal carpal ligaments. This ligament is in relation, behind, with the extensor tendons of the fingers; in front, with the synovial membrane of the wrist. The Synovial Membrane lines the lower end of the radius and under surface of the triangular inter-articular fibre-cartilage above; and being reflected on the inner surface of the ligaments above mentioned, covers the convex surface of the scaphoid, semilunar, and cuneiform bones below. Relations. The wrist-joint is covered in front by the flexor, and behind by the extensor tendons; it is also in relation with the radial and ulnar arteries. The Arteries supplying this joint are the anterior and posterior carpal branches of the Radial and Ulnar, the anterior and posterior interosseous, and some iiscending branches from the deep palmar arch. The Nerves are derived from the posterior interosseous. Actions. The movements permitted in this joint are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction. It is totally incapable of rotation, one of the characteristic movements in true enarthrodial joints. |