Articulations
Synarthrosis, or immoveable
Amphiarthrosis, or mixed
Diarthrosis, or moveable
Kinds of movement
Articulations of the trunk
The vertebral column
The atlas with the axis
The atlas with the occiptal bone
The axis with the occiptal bone
Tempoko-maxillart articulation
The ribs with the vertebras
The cartilages of the ribs with the sternum
Ligaments of the sternum
The pelvis with the spine
The pelvis
Articulations of the upper extremity
Sterno-clavicular articulation
Scapulo-clavicular articulation
Proper ligaments of the scapula
Shoulder joint
Elbow joint
Radio-ulnar articulations
Whist joint
Articulations of the carpus
Capro metacapral articulations
Metacarpo-phalangeal articulations
Articulations of the phalanges
Articulations of the lower extremity
Hip joint
The knee joint
Articulations between the tibia and fibula
Ankle joint
Articulations of the tarsus
Tarso-metatarsal articulations
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The Elbow is a ginglymoid or hinge joint. The bones entering into its formation are the trochlear surface of the humerus, which is received in the greater sigmoid cavity of the ulna, and admits of the movements peculiar to this joint, those of flexion and extension, whilst the cup-shaped depression of the head of the radius articulates with the radial tubero-sityof the humerus, its circumference with the lesser sigmoid cavity of the ulna, allowing of the movement of rotation of the radius on the ulna, the chief action of the superior radio-ulnar articulation. These various articular surfaces are covered with a thin layer of cartilage, and connected together by the following ligaments.
Anterior Ligament. Posterior Ligament. Internal Lateral. External Lateral. Synovial Membrane. The Anterior Ligament (fig. 115) is a broad and thin membranous layer, which covers the anterior surface of the joint. It is attached to the humerus immediately above the coronoid fossa; below, to the anterior surface of the coronoid process of the ulna and orbicular ligament, being continuous on each side with the lateral ligaments. Its superficial or oblique fibres pass from the internal tuberosity of the humerus outwards to the orbicular ligament. The middle fibres, vertical in direction, pass from the upper part of the coronoid depression, and become blended with the preceding. A third, or transverse set, intersect these at right angles. This ligament is in relation, in front, with the Brachialis anticus; behind, with the synovial membrane. The Posterior Ligament is a thin and loose membranous fold, attached, above, to the lower end of the humerus, immediately above the olecranon depression; below, to the margin of the olecranon. The superficial or transverse fibres pass between the adjacent margins of the olecranon fossa. The deeper portion consists of vertical fibres, which pass from the upper part of the olecranon fossa to the margin of the olecranon. This ligament is in relation, behind, with the tendon of the Triceps and Anconeus; in front, with the synovial membrane. The Internal Lateral Ligament is a thick triangular band of ligamentous fibres, consisting of two distinct portions, an anterior and posterior. The anterior portion, directed obliquely forwards, is attached, above, by its apex, to the front part of the internal condyle of the humerus; and, below, by its broad base to the inner margin of the coronoid process. The posterior portion, also of triangular form, is attached, above, by its apex to the lower and back part of the internal condyle; below, to the inner margin of the olecranon. This ligament is in relation, internally, with the Triceps and Flexor carpi ulnaris muscles and the ulnar nerve. The External Lateral Ligament (fig. 116) is a short and narrow fibrous fasciculus, less distinct than the internal, attached, 
above, to the external condyle of the humerus; below, to the orbicular ligament, some of its most posterior fibres passing over that ligament to be inserted into the outer margin of the greater sigmoid cavity. This ligament is intimately blended with the tendon of origin of the Supinator brevis muscle.
The Synovial Membrane is very extensive. It covers the articular surface of the humerus, and lines the coronoid and olecranon depressions on that bone; from these points, it is reflected over the anterior, posterior and lateral ligaments; lines the greater sigmoid cavity, the concave depression on the head of the radius; and forms a pouch between the lesser sigmoid cavity, the internal surface of the annular ligament, and the circumference of the radius. The Muscles in relation with this joint are, in front, the Brachialis anticus; behind, the Triceps and Anconeus; externally, the Supinator brevis, and the common tendon of origin of the Extensor muscles; internally, the common tendon of origin of the Flexor muscles, the Flexor carpi ulnaris, and ulnar nerve. The Arteries supplying this joint are derived from the communicating branches between the superior profunda, inferior profunda, and ana-stomatic branches of the Brachial, with the anterior, posterior and interosseous recurrent branches of the Ulnar, and the recurrent branch of the Radial. These vessels form a complete chain of inosculation around this joint. The Nerves are derived from the ulnar, as it passes between the internal condyle and the olecranon. Actions. The elbow is one of the most perfect hinge-joints in the body; its movements are consequently limited to flexion and extension, the exact apposition of the articular surfaces preventing the least lateral motion. The movement of flexion is limited by the coronoid process, and that of extension by the olecranon process. |