Articulations
Synarthrosis, or immoveable
Amphiarthrosis, or mixed
Diarthrosis, or moveable
Kinds of movement
Articulations of the trunk
The vertebral column
The atlas with the axis
The atlas with the occiptal bone
The axis with the occiptal bone
Tempoko-maxillart articulation
The ribs with the vertebras
The cartilages of the ribs with the sternum
Ligaments of the sternum
The pelvis with the spine
The pelvis
Articulations of the upper extremity
Sterno-clavicular articulation
Scapulo-clavicular articulation
Proper ligaments of the scapula
Shoulder joint
Elbow joint
Radio-ulnar articulations
Whist joint
Articulations of the carpus
Capro metacapral articulations
Metacarpo-phalangeal articulations
Articulations of the phalanges
Articulations of the lower extremity
Hip joint
The knee joint
Articulations between the tibia and fibula
Ankle joint
Articulations of the tarsus
Tarso-metatarsal articulations
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This is an enarthrodial joint. Its ligaments are a capsular and synovial membrane. The capsular ligament is a thick but loose capsule, which passes from the circumference of the upper extremity of the metacarpal bone, to the rough edge bounding the articular surface of the trapezium; it is thickest externally and behind, and lined by a separate synovial membrane. The joints formed between the carpus and four inner metacarpal bones, are connected together by dorsal, palmar, and interosseous ligaments. The Dorsal Ligaments, the strongest and most distinct, connect the carpal and metacarpal bones on their dorsal surface. The second metacarpal bone receives two fasciculi, one from the trapezium, the other from the trapezoid; the third metacarpal receives one from the os magnum; the fourth two, one from the os magnum, and one from the unciform; the fifth receives a single fasciculus from the unciform bone. The Palmar Ligaments have a somewhat similar arrangement on the palmar surface, with the exception of the third metacarpal, which has three ligaments, an external one from the trapezium, situated above the sheath of the tendon of the Flexor carpi radialis; a middle one, from the os magnum; and an internal one, from the unciform. The Interosseous Ligaments consist of short thick fibres, which are limited to one part of the carpo-metacarpal articulation; they connect the inferior angles of the os magnum and unciform, with the adjacent surfaces of the third and fourth metacarpal bones. The Synovial Membrane is a continuation of that between the two rows of carpal bones. Occasionally the unciform has a separate synovial membrane, lining it and the fourth and fifth metacarpal bones. The Synovial Membranes of the wrist (fig. 119) are thus seen to be five hi number. 
The first, the membrana sacciformis, lining the lower end of the ulna, the aigmoid cavity of the radius, and upper surface of the triangular inter-articular fibro-cartilage. The second lines the lower end of the radius and inter-articular fibre-cartilage above, and the scaphoid, semilunar, and cuneiform bones below. The third, the most extensive, covers the contiguous surfaces of the two rows of carpal bones, and passing between the bones of the second range, lines the carpal extremities of the four inner metacarpal bones. The fourth lines the adjacent surfaces of the trapezium and metacarpal bone of the thumb. And the fifth the adjacent surfaces of the cuneiform and pisiform bones.
Actions. The movement permitted in the carpo-metacarpal articulations is limited to a slight gliding of the articular surfaces upon each other, the extent of which varies in the different joints. Thus the articulation of the metacarpal bone of the thumb with the trapezium is most moveable, then the fifth metacarpal, and then the fourth. The second and third are almost immoveable. In the articulation of the metacarpal bone of the thumb with the trapezium, the movements permitted are flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction. The carpal extremities of the metacarpal bones of the fingers, articulate with one another at each side by small surfaces covered with cartilage, and connected together by dorsal, palmar, and interosseous ligaments. The Dorsal or Palmar Ligaments pass transversely from one bone to another on the dorsal and palmar surfaces. The Interosseous Ligaments passing between their contiguous surfaces, just beneath their lateral articular facets. The Synovial Membrane lining the lateral facets, is a reflection of that between the two rows of carpal bones. The digital extremities of the metacarpal bones of the fingers, are connected together by the transverse ligament, a narrow fibrous band, passing transversely across their under surfaces, and blended with the ligaments of the metacarpo-pha-langeal articulations. Its anterior surface presents four grooves for the passage of the flexor tendons, and its sides are continuous with their sheaths. Its posterior surface blends with the ligaments of the metacarpo-phalangeal articulation. |