Articulations
Synarthrosis, or immoveable
Amphiarthrosis, or mixed
Diarthrosis, or moveable
Kinds of movement
Articulations of the trunk
The vertebral column
The atlas with the axis
The atlas with the occiptal bone
The axis with the occiptal bone
Tempoko-maxillart articulation
The ribs with the vertebras
The cartilages of the ribs with the sternum
Ligaments of the sternum
The pelvis with the spine
The pelvis
Articulations of the upper extremity
Sterno-clavicular articulation
Scapulo-clavicular articulation
Proper ligaments of the scapula
Shoulder joint
Elbow joint
Radio-ulnar articulations
Whist joint
Articulations of the carpus
Capro metacapral articulations
Metacarpo-phalangeal articulations
Articulations of the phalanges
Articulations of the lower extremity
Hip joint
The knee joint
Articulations between the tibia and fibula
Ankle joint
Articulations of the tarsus
Tarso-metatarsal articulations
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This articulation is an enarthro-dial, or ball and socket joint, formed by the reception of the globular head of the femur into the cup-shaped cavity of the acetabulum. These two articulating surfaces are covered with cartilage, that on the head of the femur being thicker at the centre than at the circumference, and covering the entire surface with the exception of a depression just below its centre for the ligamentum teres; that covering the acetabulum is much thinner at the centre than at the circumference, and is deficient in the situation of the circular depression at the bottom of this cavity. The ligaments of this joint are the
- Capsular; - Ilio-femoral; - Teres; - Cotyloid; - Transverse; - Synovial Membrane. The Capsular Ligament is a strong, dense, ligamentous capsule, embracing the margin of the acetabulum above, and surrounding the neck of the femur below. Its upper circumference is attached to the acetabulum two or three lines external to the cotyloid ligament; but opposite the notch where the margin of this cavity is deficient, it is connected with the transverse ligament, and by a few fibres to the edge of the obturator foramen. Its lower circumference surrounds the neck of 
the femur, being attached, in front, to the spiral or anterior inter-trochanteric line; above, to the base of the neck; behind, to the middle of the neck of the bone, about three quarters of an inch from the posterior inter-trochanteric line. It is much thicker at the upper and anterior part of the joint where the greatest amount of resistance is required, than below, where it is thin, loose, and longer than in any other situation. Its external surface is rough, covered by numerous muscles, and separated in front from the Psoas and Iliacus by a synovial bursa, which not unfrequently communicates by a circular aperture with the cavity of the joint. It diifers from the capsular ligament of the shoulder, in being much less loose and lax, and in not being perforated for the passage of a tendon.
The Ilio-femoral Ligament (fig. no) is an accessory band of fibres, extending obliquely across the front of the joint: it is intimately connected with the capsular ligament, and serves to strengthen it in this situation. It is attached above to the anterior inferior spine of the ilium, below, to the anterior inter-trochanteric line. The Ligamentum Teres is a flat triangular band of fibres, implanted by its apex into the depression just below the middle of the head of the femur, and by its broad base, which consists of two bundles of fibres, into the margins of the notch at the bottom of the acetabulum, becoming blended with the transverse ligament. It is formed of a bundle of fibres, the thickness and strength of which is very variable, surrounded by a tubular sheath of synovial membrane. Sometimes the synovial fold only exists, or the ligament may be altogether absent. The Cotyloid Ligament is a fibro-cartilaginous rim attached to the margin of the acetabulum, the cavity of which it deepens, at the same time it protects the edges of the bone, and fills up the inequalities on its surface. It is prismoid in form, its base being attached to the margin of the acetabulum, its opposite edge being free and sharp; whilst its two surfaces are invested by synovial membrane, the external one being in contact with the capsular ligament, the internal being inclined inwards so as to narrow the acetabulum and embrace the cartilaginous surface of the head of the femur. It is much thicker above and behind than below and in front, and consists of close, compact fibres, which arise from different points of the circumference of the acetabulum, and interlace with each other at very acute angles. 
The Transverse Ligament is a strong flattened band of fibres, which crosses the notch at the lower part of the acetabulum, and converts it into a foramen. It is continuous at each side with the cotyloid ligament, and consists of fibres which arise from each side of the notch, and pass across each other. An interval is left beneath this ligament for the passage of nutrient vessels to the joint. The Synovial Membrane is very extensive. It invests the cartilaginous surface of the head of the femur, and all that portion of the neck which is contained within the joint; from this point it is reflected on the internal surface of the capsular ligament, covers both surfaces of the cotyloid ligament, and lines the cavity of the acetabulum, covers the mass of fat contained in the fossa at the bottom of this cavity, and is prolonged in the form of a tubular sheath around the liga-mentum teres on to the head of the femur. The Muscles in relation with this joint are, in front, the Psoas and Iliacus, separated from the capsular ligament by a sy no vial bursa; above, the short head of the Rectus and Gluteus minimus, the latter being closely adherent to it; internally, the Obturator externus and Pectineus; behind, the Pyriformis, Gemellus superior, Obturator internus, Gemellus inferior, Obturator externus, and Quadratus femoris. The Arteries supplying it are derived from the obturator, sciatic, internal circumflex, and gluteal. The Nerves are articular branches from the sacral plexus, great sciatic, obturator, and accessory obturator nerves. Actions. The movements of the hip, like all enarthrodial joints, are very extensive; they are flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction, and rotation. |