Articulations
Synarthrosis, or immoveable
Amphiarthrosis, or mixed
Diarthrosis, or moveable
Kinds of movement
Articulations of the trunk
The vertebral column
The atlas with the axis
The atlas with the occiptal bone
The axis with the occiptal bone
Tempoko-maxillart articulation
The ribs with the vertebras
The cartilages of the ribs with the sternum
Ligaments of the sternum
The pelvis with the spine
The pelvis
Articulations of the upper extremity
Sterno-clavicular articulation
Scapulo-clavicular articulation
Proper ligaments of the scapula
Shoulder joint
Elbow joint
Radio-ulnar articulations
Whist joint
Articulations of the carpus
Capro metacapral articulations
Metacarpo-phalangeal articulations
Articulations of the phalanges
Articulations of the lower extremity
Hip joint
The knee joint
Articulations between the tibia and fibula
Ankle joint
Articulations of the tarsus
Tarso-metatarsal articulations
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The Ankle is a ginglymoid or hinge joint. The bones entering into its formation are the lower extremity of the tibia and its malleolus, and the malleolus of the fibula, above, which, united, form an arch, in which is received the upper convex surface of the astragalus and its two lateral facets. These surfaces are covered with cartilage, lined by synovial membrane, and connected together by the following ligaments:
- Anterior; - Internal Lateral; - External Lateral. The Anterior Ligament (fig. 126) is a broad, thin, membranous layer, attached, above, to the margin of the articular surface of the tibia; below, to the margin of the astragalus, in front of its articular surface. It is in relation, in front, with 
the extensor tendons of the toes, the tendons of the Tibialis anticus and Peroneus tertius, and the anterior tibial vessels and nerve; posteriorly, it lies in contact with the synovial membrane.
The Internal Lateral or Deltoid Ligament consists of two layers, superficial and deep. The superficial layer is a strong, flat, triangular band, attached, above, to the apex and anterior and posterior borders of the inner malleolus. The most anterior fibres pass forwards to be inserted into the scaphoid; the middle descend almost perpendicularly to be inserted into the os calcis; and the posterior fibres pass backwards and outwards to be attached to the inner side of the astragalus. The deeper layer consists of a short, thick, and strong fasciculus, which passes from the apex of the malleolus to the inner surface of the astragalus, below the articular surface. This ligament is covered in by the tendons of the Tibialis posticus and Flexor lorigus digitorum muscles. The External Lateral Ligament (fig. 127) consists of three fasciculi, taking different directions, and separated by distinct intervals. The anterior fasciculus, the shortest of the three, passes from the anterior margin of the summit of the external malleolus, downwards and forwards, to the astragalus, in front of its external articular facet. The posterior fasciculus, the most deeply seated, passes from the depression at the inner and back part of the external malleolus to the astragalus, behind its external malleolar facet. Its fibres are directed obliquely downwards and inwards. The middle fasciculus, the longest of the three, is a narrow rounded cord, passing from the apex of the external malleolus downwards and slightly backwards to the middle of the outer side of the os calcis. It is covered by the tendons of the Peroneus longus and brevis. There is no posterior ligament, its place being supplied by the transverse ligament of the tibia and fibula. The Synovial Membrane invests the cartilaginous surfaces of the tibia and 
fibula, and sends a duplicature upwards between their lower extremities; it is then reflected on the inner surface of the ligaments surrounding the joint, and covers the upper surface of the astragalus and its two lateral facets below.
Relations. The tendons, vessels, and nerves in connection with this joint are, in front, from within outwards, the Tibialis anticus, Extensor proprius pollicis, anterior tibial vessels, anterior tibial nerve, Extensor communis digitorum, and Peroneus tertius; behind, from within outwards, Tibialis posticus, Flexor longus digitorum, posterior tibial vessels, posterior tibial nerve, Flexor longus pollicis, and, in the groove behind the external malleolus, the tendons of the Peroneus longus and brevis. The Arteries supplying the joint are derived from the malleolar branches of the anterior tibial and peroneal. The Nerves are derived from the anterior tibial. Actions. The movements of this joint are limited to flexion and extension, There is no lateral motion. |