Articulations
Synarthrosis, or immoveable
Amphiarthrosis, or mixed
Diarthrosis, or moveable
Kinds of movement
Articulations of the trunk
The vertebral column
The atlas with the axis
The atlas with the occiptal bone
The axis with the occiptal bone
Tempoko-maxillart articulation
The ribs with the vertebras
The cartilages of the ribs with the sternum
Ligaments of the sternum
The pelvis with the spine
The pelvis
Articulations of the upper extremity
Sterno-clavicular articulation
Scapulo-clavicular articulation
Proper ligaments of the scapula
Shoulder joint
Elbow joint
Radio-ulnar articulations
Whist joint
Articulations of the carpus
Capro metacapral articulations
Metacarpo-phalangeal articulations
Articulations of the phalanges
Articulations of the lower extremity
Hip joint
The knee joint
Articulations between the tibia and fibula
Ankle joint
Articulations of the tarsus
Tarso-metatarsal articulations
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The articulation of the ribs with the vertebral column, may be divided into two sets.
1. Those which connect the heads of the ribs with the bodies of the vertebrae 2. Those which connect the neck and tubercle of the ribs with the transverse processes. These form a series of angular ginglymoid joints, connected together by the following ligaments:- Anterior Costo-vertebral or Stellate. Capsular. Inter-articular. Two Synovial Membranes. The Anterior Costo-vertebral or Stellate Ligament (fig. 107) connects the anterior part of the head of each rib, with the sides of the bodies of the vertebrae, and the intervening intervertebral disc. It consists of three flat bundles of liga-mentous fibres, which radiate from the anterior part of the head of the rib. The superior fasciculus passes upwards to be connected with the body of the vertebra above; the inferior one descends to the body of the vertebra below; and the middle one, the smallest and least distinct, passes horizontally inwards to be attached to the intervertebral substance. Relations. In front with the thoracic ganglia of the sympathetic, the pleura, and on the right side, the vena azygos major; behind, with the inter-articular ligament and synovial membranes. In the first rib, which articulates with a single vertebra only, this ligament does not present a distinct division into three fasciculi; its superior fibres, however pass to be attached to the body of the last cervical vertebra, as well as to that of the vertebra with which the rib articulates. In the eleventh and twelfth ribs, which also articulate with a single vertebra, the same division does not exist, but the superior fibres of the ligament, in each case, are connected with the vertebra above, as well as that with which the ribs articulate. The Capsular Ligament is a thin and loose ligamentous bag, which surrounds the joint between the head of the rib and the articular cavity formed by the junction of the vertebrae. It is very thin, firmly connected with the anterior ligament, and most distinct at the upper and lower parts of the articulation. 
The Inter-articular Ligament is situated in the interior of the articulation. It consists of a short band of fibres, flattened from above downwards, attached by one extremity to the sharp crest on the head of the rib, and by the other to the inter-vertebral disc. It divides the joint into two cavities, which have no communication with one another, and are each lined by a separate synovial membrane. In the first, eleventh, and twelfth ribs, the inter-articular ligament does not exist, consequently there is but one synovial membrane. Actions. The movements permitted in these articulations are limited to elevation, depression, and slightly forwards and backwards. This movement varies however, very much in its extent in different ribs. The first rib is almost entirely immovable, excepting in strong and violent inspirations. The movement of the second rib is also not very extensive. In the other ribs, their mobility increases successively to the two last, which are very moveable. The ribs are generally more moveable in the female than in the male. The ligaments connecting these parts are- Anterior Costo-Transverse. Middle Costo-Transverse (Interosseons). Posterior Costo-Transverse. Capsular and Synovial Membrane. The Anterior Costo-Traiisrerse Ligament (fig. 108.) is a broad and strong band of fibres, attached below to the sharp crest on the upper border of the neck of each rib, and passing obliquely upwards and outwards, to the lower border of the transverse process immediately above. It is broader below than above, broader and thinner between the lower ribs than between the upper, and more distinct in front than behind. This ligament is in relation, in front, with the intercostal vessels and nerves; behind, with the Longissimus dorsi. Its interna 
border completes an aperture formed between it and the articular processes, through which pass the posterior branches of the intercostal vessels and nerve. Its external border is continuous with a thin aponeurosis, which covers the External intercostal muscle.
The_/zr*? and last ribs have no anterior costo-transverse ligament. The Middle Costo-Transverse or Interosseous Ligament consists of short, but strong, fibres, which pass between the rough surface on the posterior part of the neck of each rib, and the anterior surface of the adjacent transverse process. In order fully to expose this ligament, a horizontal section should be made across the transverse process and corresponding part of the rib; or the rib may be forcibly separated from the transverse process, and its fibres torn asunder. In the eleventh and tivelfth ribs, this ligament is quite rudimentary. The Posterior Costo-Transverse Ligament is a short, but thick and strong, fasciculus, which passes obliquely from the summit of the transverse process to the rough non-articular portion of the tubercle of the rib. This ligament is shorter and more oblique in the upper, than in the lower ribs. Those corresponding to the superior ribs ascend, and those of the inferior ones slightly descend. In the eleventh and twelfth ribs, this ligament is wanting. The articular portion of the tubercle of the rib, and adjacent transverse process, form an arthrodial joint, provided with a thin capsular ligament attached to the circumference of the articulating surfaces, and enclosing a small synovial membrane. In the eleventh and twelfth ribs, this articulation is w; nting. Actions. The movement permitted in these joints, is limited to a slight gliding motion of the articular surfaces one upon the other. |