Articulations
Synarthrosis, or immoveable
Amphiarthrosis, or mixed
Diarthrosis, or moveable
Kinds of movement
Articulations of the trunk
The vertebral column
The atlas with the axis
The atlas with the occiptal bone
The axis with the occiptal bone
Tempoko-maxillart articulation
The ribs with the vertebras
The cartilages of the ribs with the sternum
Ligaments of the sternum
The pelvis with the spine
The pelvis
Articulations of the upper extremity
Sterno-clavicular articulation
Scapulo-clavicular articulation
Proper ligaments of the scapula
Shoulder joint
Elbow joint
Radio-ulnar articulations
Whist joint
Articulations of the carpus
Capro metacapral articulations
Metacarpo-phalangeal articulations
Articulations of the phalanges
Articulations of the lower extremity
Hip joint
The knee joint
Articulations between the tibia and fibula
Ankle joint
Articulations of the tarsus
Tarso-metatarsal articulations
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The movements admissible in joints may be divided into four kind:
- gliding; - angular; - movement; - circumduction; - rotation. Gliding movement is the most simple kind of motion that can take place in a joint, one surface gliding over another. This kind of movement is common to all moveable joints; but in some, as in the articulations of the carpus and tarsus, is the only motion permitted. This motion is not confined to plane surfaces, but may exist between any two contiguous surfaces, of whatever form, limited by the ligaments which enclose the articulation. Angular movement occurs only between the long bones, and may take place in four directions, forwards or backwards, constituting flexion and extension, or inwards and outwards, which constitutes abduction and adduction. Flexion and extension is confined to the strictly ginglymoid or hinge joints. Abduction and adduction, combined with flexion and extension, are met with only in the most moveable joints; as in the hip, shoulder, and thumb, and partially in the wrist and ankle. Circumduction is that limited degree of motion which takes place between the head of a bone and its articular cavity, whilst the extremity and sides of a limb are made to circumscribe a conical space, the base of which corresponds with the inferior extremity of the limb, the apex to the articular cavity; and is best seen in the shoulder and hip joints. Rotation is the movement of a bone upon its own axis, the bone retaining the same relative situation with respect to the adjacent parts; as in the articulation between the atlas and axis, where the odontoid process serves as a pivot around which the atlas turns; or in the rotation of the radius against the humerus, and also in the hip and shoulder. The articulations may be arranged into those of the trunk, those of the upper extremity, and those of the lower extremity. |